Livros de Muhammad Abduh

Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905) was born in a village of the Nile Delta, studied at al-Azhar and became a disciple of the reformer Jamal al-Din al-Afghani. Exiled after the Urabi revolt of 1882, he published with al-Afghani in Paris the journal al-Urwa al-Wuthqa, which was read across the Muslim world.

Allowed to return to Egypt, he worked to reform al-Azhar and the religious courts and became Grand Mufti in 1899. His Treatise on the Unity of God and his lessons in Quranic commentary argued that Islam welcomes reason and modern science. Among those he influenced were Qasim Amin and al-Manfaluti.